Strong African American Families Program (SAAF)
About This Program
Target Population: African American youth, aged 10-14, and their parents/caregivers
For children/adolescents ages: 10 – 14
For parents/caregivers of children ages: 10 – 14
Program Overview
SAAF is a culturally tailored, family-centered intervention program designed to build on the strengths of African American families. The overarching goal of SAAF is to prevent substance abuse and other risky behavior among youth by strengthening positive family interactions, enhancing primary caregivers' efforts to help youth reach positive goals, and preparing youth for their teen years.
For parents, SAAF aims to strengthen parenting practices related to monitoring and supporting youth, articulating parental expectations for alcohol use, communicating with youth about sex, and promoting positive racial socialization. It also works to promote youths' ability to focus on goals for the future, resist involvement in risk behaviors, maintain negative images of risk behaviors and peers who engage in them, and accept parental influences.
Program Goals
The goals of Strong African American Families (SAAF) are:
- Lower initiation of substance use
- Fewer conduct problems
- Delay in initiation of sex
- Increase in positive racial identity
- Increased level of future orientation
- Decrease in maternal depression
- Increase in positive racial identity
- Increase in quality and quantity of parent/child communication
Logic Model
The program representative did not provide information about a Logic Model for Strong African American Families Program (SAAF).
Essential Components
The essential components of Strong African American Families (SAAF) include:
- Family-based: Parents/caregivers and youth in the program together
- Culturally specific: Designed for African American families (e.g., parenting practices, content to address different ways of dealing with discrimination, activities to build cultural pride)
- Group-based: Designed for up to 12 families per group with recommended minimum of 6 families to successfully facilitate group discussions and activities
- Modular: Each SAAF Session includes 3 "modules" – Youth, Caregiver and Family:
- 1st hour: Youth and Caregiver modules run concurrently with activities, discussion, and skill-building lessons in separate youth and adult groups
- 2nd hours: Family module with all families together with activities for individual family units as well as large group activities
- Interactive methods of content delivery: DVDs, group discussion, brainstorming, role-playing, and games utilized to deliver the content
- 3-person facilitator team: 1 facilitator for the caregiver group and 2 facilitators for the youth group then they all work together to lead the family module
- Scripted: Manual is written such that facilitators know exactly what should be said (or paraphrased) to ensure that the main concepts are delivered over the 7 sessions
- Facilitator Training: Reviews of all program activities as well as provides an opportunity for facilitators to practice delivering specific content; also allows for discussion about adaptations/modifications based on specific needs, concerns, and priorities of the organization and/or the target population
- Creed: Each individual module (Youth, Caregivers, and Family) concludes with the group members reciting a Creed which affirms cultural strength, perseverance, and pride
- Strengths-based: Rather than telling caregivers what they should do, SAAF presents different strategies and encourages discussion about the pros and cons of the strategy (e.g., communication, punishment, responding to racism)
- Empathy-building: Activities help parents and youth understand things from each other's perspective and build empathy for each other
Program Delivery
Child/Adolescent Services
Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) directly provides services to children/adolescents and addresses the following:
- Experiencing or have the potential to experience aggressive behaviors, academic challenges, self-esteem issues, involvement in risky behaviors
Parent/Caregiver Services
Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) directly provides services to parents/caregivers and addresses the following:
- Parent/caregiver of preteen or early teen youth experiencing or who have the potential to experience aggressive behaviors, academic challenges, self-esteem issues, involvement in risky behaviors
Recommended Intensity:
Weekly 2-hour sessions
Recommended Duration:
7 weeks ideally
Delivery Settings
This program is typically conducted in a(n):
- Community Daily Living Setting
- Community-based Agency / Organization / Provider
- School Setting (Including: Day Care, Day Treatment Programs, etc.)
Homework
This program does not include a homework component.
Languages
Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) does not have materials available in a language other than English.
Resources Needed to Run Program
The typical resources for implementing the program are:
- At least two rooms are needed — one room should be large enough to accommodate the family session with up to 30 individuals and should be used for the Youth activities as the youth group needs more room than the caregiver group
- Equipment to show a DVD (e.g., TV/DVD player; computer with projector) for each room
- Three facilitators
Manuals and Training
Prerequisite/Minimum Provider Qualifications
- Education — Ideally, facilitators have some level of higher education (e.g., some college courses).
- Facilitation Experience — Facilitators should have some experience with group facilitation and/or teaching a structured class/program.
- Cultural competence — Facilitators should have experience working with African American youth and their caregivers. It is important that facilitators are able to appreciate the strengths as well as concerns of the African American community; however, being of African descent is not a requirement.
- Training — Facilitators are required to attend the 3-day training conducted by SAAF Master Trainers to become Certified SAAF Facilitators.
Manual Information
There is a manual that describes how to deliver this program.
Training Information
There is training available for this program.
Training Contact:
- Tracy Anderson, SAAF Dissemination Coordinator
Center for Family Research-University of Georgia
tnander@uga.edu
phone: (706) 425-2992
Training Type/Location:
The training typically occurs on-site or in another local location of the organization/agency that is hosting the training. A minimum of 5 training participants; a maximum of 30. The training must be conducted by SAAF Master Trainers in collaboration with the Center for Family Research.
Number of days/hours:
Three 8-hour days
Implementation Information
Pre-Implementation Materials
There are pre-implementation materials to measure organizational or provider readiness for Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) as listed below:
An Agency Readiness Assessment is available to organizations that are considering adopting the SAAF Program. It is a series of questions (Yes/No) that address fit with the organization's culture and goals, access to the target population, implementation needs, and funding (start-up and implementation).
Organizations interested in receiving the Assessment should contact Tracy Anderson, the SAAF Dissemination Coordinator, at tnander@uga.edu or (706) 425-2992.
Formal Support for Implementation
There is formal support available for implementation of Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) as listed below:
The Dissemination Coordinator is available for ongoing technical assistance regarding the curriculum as well as implementation issues. The adopting agency can also arrange to receive a site visit (fidelity visit) at an additional cost. This site visit is designed to provide the site with feedback regarding fidelity and offer suggestions for future implementation.
Fidelity Measures
There are fidelity measures for Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) as listed below:
Organizations that purchase the program receive a Fidelity Manual. This manual includes 21 Adherence Checklists, which correspond to each of the 3 modules in each of the 7 sessions of the program as well as instructions for using the forms. These measures are not publicly available and are only provided in whole to organizations that have adopted SAAF. A sample of the form can be provided by request to Tracy Anderson, SAAF Dissemination Coordinator at tnander@uga.edu or (706) 425-2992.
Implementation Guides or Manuals
There are implementation guides or manuals for Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) as listed below:
Organizations that purchase the program receive a SAAF Site Resource Manual. This manual includes recommendations for implementation as well as information regarding sustainability. This manual is only available to organizations that have adopted SAAF. A general implementation plan can be provided by request to Tracy Anderson, SAAF Dissemination Coordinator at tnander@uga.edu or (706) 425-2992.
Research on How to Implement the Program
Research has been conducted on how to implement Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) as listed below:
Kogan, S. M., Lei, M.-K., Brody, G. H., Futris, T. G., Sperr, M., & Anderson, T. (2016). Implementing family-centered prevention in rural African American communities: A randomized effectiveness trial of the Strong African American Families program. Prevention Science, 17(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0614-3
Relevant Published, Peer-Reviewed Research
Child Welfare Outcome: Child/Family Well-Being
The CEBC reviews all of the articles that have been published in peer-reviewed journals as part of the rating process. When there are more than 10 published, peer-reviewed articles, the CEBC identifies the most relevant articles, with a focus on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled studies that have an impact on the rating. The articles chosen for the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) are summarized below:
Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Molgaard, V., McNair, L., Brown, A. C., Wills, T. A., Spoth, R. L., Luo, Z., Chen, Y.-f., & Neubaum-Carlan, E. (2004). The Strong African American Families Program: Translating research into prevention programming. Child Development, 75(3), 900–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00713.x
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
332
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years, Parents: Mean=38.1-39.4 years
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: Not specified, Parents: 100% Female
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural counties in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to contrast families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) with control families. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were eight county units randomly assigned to either the control or the SAAF condition. Measures utilized include the Racial Socialization Scale and the Parental Communication About Sex Scale. Results indicate that families who participated in SAAF experienced greater changes from pretest to posttest in regulated, communicative parenting, and youth protective factors compared with control-group families. Limitations include that fathers rarely participated in the prevention program even though they were invited to do so, concerns about lack of generalizability to rural African American families in other geographic regions or from dissimilar socioeconomic backgrounds, and the length of follow-up.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 3 months.
Brody, G. H., McBride Murry, V., McNair, L., Chen, Y. F., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Ashby Wills, T. (2005). Linking changes in parenting to parent–child relationship quality and youth self‐control: The Strong African American Families Program. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00086.x
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
332
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years; Parents: Not specified
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural county units in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to contrast families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) with control families. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were eight county units randomly assigned to either SAAF or the control. Measures utilized include the Racial Socialization Scale, the Parental Communication About Sex Scale, the Interaction Behavior Questionnaire, the Carver Social Support Scales, and the Children’s Self-Control Scale. Results indicate that SAAF-induced changes in parenting practices that include high levels of involved-vigilant parenting (monitoring, consistent use of inductive discipline), racial socialization, communication about sex, and clear expectations for alcohol use were linked with positive changes in responsive- supportive parent-child relationships and youth self-control. Limitations include that fathers rarely participated in the prevention program even though they were invited to do so, concerns about lack of generalizability due to ethnicity, and the length of follow-up.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 3 months.
Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., McNair, L., Brown, A. C., Wills, T. A., Molgaard, V., Spoth, R. L., Luo, Z., & Chen, Y.-f. (2006). The Strong African American Families Program: Prevention of youths' high-risk behavior and a test of a model of change. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.1
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
332
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years; Parents: Not specified
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: 54% Female; Parents: Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural counties in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to contrast families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) with control families. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were eight county units randomly assigned to either SAAF or the control. Measures utilized include the Racial Socialization Scale and the Parental Communication About Sex Scale. Results indicate that families who participated in SAAF experienced increases over time in regulated, communicative parenting; increases in targeted parenting behaviors, according to youths’ reports; and low rates of high-risk behavior initiation among youths. Limitations include that fathers rarely participated in the prevention program even though they were invited to do so, concerns about lack of generalizability due to ethnicity, and the length of follow-up.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 3 months.
Murry, V. M., Berkel, C., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, M., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). The Strong African American Families Program: Longitudinal pathways to sexual risk reduction. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(4), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.003
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
284
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years; Parents: Mean=38.1–39.4 years
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: Not specified; Parents: 100% Female
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 9 rural counties in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to identify the mechanisms by which the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) increases in adaptive parenting were associated with a reduction in sexual risk behavior among rural African American adolescents across a 29-month period. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were randomly assigned to SAAF or control condition (educational pamphlets about health and development). Measures utilized include parenting scales for involvement, communication about sex, clear expectations, racial socialization, racial identity, self-esteem, body image, scales for desire for peer group acceptance, impression management, sexual intention, sexual willingness, and sexual behavior. Results indicate that compared with controls, parents who participated in SAAF reported increased adaptive universal and racially specific parenting. Furthermore, intervention-induced changes in these parenting behaviors were associated indirectly with sexual risk behavior through adolescent self-pride, peer orientation, and sexual intent. Limitations include limited sample size, scheduling issues for the group meetings, and lack of participation from secondary caregivers.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 29 months.
Brody, G. H., Kogan, S. M., Chen, Y.-f., & Murry, V. M. (2008). Long-term effects of the Strong African American Families Program on youths’ conduct problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.016
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
667 families
Population:
- Age — Children: Mean=11.2 years, Parents: 37-39 years
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: 53% Female, Parents: Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural county units in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to determine whether the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a 7-week family skills training designed to deter alcohol use, also prevented conduct problems. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were eight county-units randomly assigned to either the control or the SAAF condition. Measures utilized include the National Youth Survey, Humphrey’s Self-Control Inventory, Racial Socialization Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Measure. Results indicate that compared with adolescents in the control condition, fewer youth in the SAAF group increased their involvement in conduct problems over time. Limitations include the reliance on self-reported measures, male caregivers rarely participated in the program (even though they were invited to do so), and results may not be generalizable to rural African American families in other geographic regions or from dissimilar socioeconomic backgrounds.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 1 year, 5 months.
Murry, V. M., McNair, L. D., Myers, S. S., Chen, E., & Brody, G. H. (2014). Intervention induced changes in perceptions of parenting and risk opportunities among rural African American. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9714-5
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
671 families
Population:
- Age — Children: Mean=11.2 years; Parents: Mean=38.1 years
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: 54% Female; Parents: 100% Female
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural county units in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) on parenting practices and the active role of youths in explaining avoidance of risky sexual activities and alcohol use of rural African American youth as they transition into adolescence. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were families randomly assigned to SAAF or a control condition. Measures utilized include the Parental Communication about Sex Scale and the Racial Socialization Scale. Results indicate that rural African American families who participated in SAAF experienced increases in both parent and youth reports of regulated-communicative parenting, which in turn increased youth’s avoidance of risk opportunity situations and engagement in risk behavior. Limitations include the reliance on self-reported measures, male caregivers rarely participated in the program (even though they were invited to do so), and results may not be generalizable to rural African American families in other geographic regions or from dissimilar socioeconomic backgrounds.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 65 months.
Kogan, S. M., Lei, M.-K., Brody, G. H., Futris, T. G., Sperr, M., & Anderson, T. (2016). Implementing family-centered prevention in rural African American communities: A randomized effectiveness trial of the Strong African American Families Program. Prevention Science, 17(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0614-3
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
465
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years; Parents: Mean=38.1–39.4 years
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural counties in South Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF) to (a) be delivered with high levels of program adherence and (b) deter preadolescent youth’s risk behavior vulnerability by enhancing intervention-targeted youth and family protective processes. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were randomly assigned to SAAF or to a waitlist control group for 1 year. Measures utilized include the Racial Socialization Scale, the Tolerance for Deviance Scale, the Interaction Behavior Questionnaire, and the Parental Communication About Sex Scale. Results indicate that there were significant program effects on intervention-targeted parenting practices, youth self-regulatory processes, and problem behavior vulnerability indirectly via effects on targeted parenting and youth processes. Limitations include that the waitlist design precluded long-term follow-up and examination of behavioral outcomes, the reliance on self-reported measures, and the length of follow-up.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 3 months.
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., Ehrlich, K. B., & Chen, E. (2019). Preventive parenting intervention during childhood and young black adults’ unhealthful behaviors: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12968
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
517 families
Population:
- Age — Children: Mean=11.2 years; Parents: Not specified
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Children: 46% Female; Parents: Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural county units in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to determine whether participation in Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention designed to enhance supportive parenting, can reduce drug use and body mass index (BMI) in young Black adults from disadvantaged neighborhoods. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were assigned randomly to the SAAF prevention trial or a control condition. Measures utilized include the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and scales to assess neighborhood socioeconomic status disadvantages, young adult body mass index (BMI), drug use, prevention status, gender, and supportive parenting. Results indicate that significant three-way interactions were detected among neighborhood disadvantage, prevention condition, and gender for BMI and substance use. Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood during adolescence was associated with increased drug use among young men in the control group but not among those in the SAAF condition. Neighborhood disadvantage was associated with elevated BMI among young women in the control group, but not in the SAAF condition. Limitations include that BMI was not assessed at the age 11 pretest; no exclusionary criteria, such as pregnancy, were provided for the measurement of BMI; and lack of generalizability to other regions.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 3 and 6 years.
Kogan, S. M., Bae, D., Lei, M.-K., & Brody, G. H. (2019). Family-centered alcohol use prevention for African American adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(12), 1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000448
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
472 youth and their caregivers
Population:
- Age — Children: Mean=11.61 years; Parents: Mean=37.2 years
- Race/Ethnicity — Children: 100% African American; Parents: Not specified
- Gender — Children: 51% Female; Parents: Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from lower socioeconomic status.
Location/Institution: 8 rural counties in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Brody et al. (2004). The purpose of the study was to test the efficacy of the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), an alcohol use prevention program. Participants were assigned randomly to receive SAAF or a no-treatment control. Measures utilized include the Involved-Vigilant Parenting Scale and the Tolerance for Deviance Scale. Results indicate that a large treatment effect on slowed growth in alcohol use emerged. Dose-response analyses in the Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) models revealed a medium-sized effect when participants attended at least 5 of the 7 sessions offered. Limitations include the use of self-reports of alcohol and the lack of generalizability of effects to nonrural youth and those at elevated risk for substance use.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 10, 22, and 34 months.
Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Thomas, N. A., Bekele, B., Debreaux, M. L., Gonzalez, C., & Hanebutt, R. A. (2024). The Strong African American Families Program: Disrupting the negative consequences of racial discrimination through culturally tailored, family-based prevention. Prevention Science, 25(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01432-x
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
667 families
Population:
- Age — Children: 11 years, 12 years, 15, years and 16 years; Parents: Not specified
- Race/Ethnicity — 100% African American
- Gender — Not specified
- Status — Participants were parents and children from the Strong African American Families (SAAF) efficacy trial.
Location/Institution: 8 rural county units in Georgia
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to test the efficacy of a culturally tailored preventive intervention for rural African American families to disrupt the negative consequences of discrimination on adolescent psychological functioning. Four waves of data from the Strong African American Families (SAAF) efficacy trial were used for this study. Randomization occurred at the county level. Participants were randomly assigned to participate in the SAAF program or a control condition. Measures utilized include the 15-item Racial Socialization Scale, the 8-item version of Inventory of Black Identity, 9-items from the Racism and Life Experiences Scale, the State Hope Scale, the 26-item Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the 10-item Measure of Perceived Life Chances Scale, and a 13-item version of the Minnesota Survey of Substance Use Problems Scale. Results indicate that adolescent experiences with discrimination at age 15 predicted concurrent psychological functioning and multiple risk behaviors at age 16, including sexual risk behavior, substance use problems, academic failure, and juvenile justice involvement. Mediation analyses demonstrated that psychological functioning was a significant mediator of these relations. The SAAF program was associated with increases in racial socialization, which in turn fostered gains in adolescent Black pride. Black pride was indirectly associated with reduced risk behavior through adolescent psychological functioning, but Black pride did not moderate the effect of discrimination on psychological functioning. Limitations include that academic failure and justice involvement were both measured by single items from a larger measure of stressful life events, and that some of the study pathways were concurrent, rather than longitudinal.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.
Additional References
Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2004). Partnering with community stakeholders: Engaging rural African American families in basic research and the Strong African American Families preventive intervention program. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30(3), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01240.x
Smith, K. (2004, December). Strong families equal bright futures. Georgia Magazine, 30-33.
Contact Information
- Tracy Anderson, PhD
- Agency/Affiliation: Center for Family Research-UGA
- Website: www.cfr.uga.edu
- Email: tnander@uga.edu
- Phone: (706) 425-2992
- Fax: (706) 425-2985
Date Research Evidence Last Reviewed by CEBC: June 2024
Date Program Content Last Reviewed by Program Staff: April 2016
Date Program Originally Loaded onto CEBC: May 2016
