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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C)

Topic Areas
Scientific Rating
Child Welfare Relevance
Anxiety Treatment (Child & Adolescent)
3  — Promising Research Evidence
Medium

About This Program

Target Population: Children ages 8- to 12-years old with anxiety or depression; can be modified for both younger and older children

For children/adolescents ages: 8 – 12

Program Overview

MBCT-C is a psychotherapy for anxious or depressed children adapted from MBCT for adults which has been rated by the CEBC in the Depression Treatment (Adult) topic area. The adult and child programs both combine mindfulness-based theory and practices with cognitively oriented interventions. The primary aim is to improve affective self-regulation through development of mindful attention and decentering from thoughts and emotions. Unlike cognitive therapy, no effort is made to restructure or change existing thoughts and emotions. The program consists of 12 weekly therapy sessions lasting 90-minutes, conducted individually or in small groups of 6-8 children. Activities are designed to be engaging and developmentally appropriate for children ages 8 to 12. Home-based practice activities aim to further develop skills learned in each session. Parents/caregivers are invited to attend two separate adult sessions. Written session summaries, handouts, and home practice schedules are provided at every session. These written materials encourage adults to participate in the home-based activities along with the child.

Program Goals

The goals of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) are:

  • Enhance social-emotional resiliency
  • Promote positive changes in how the child relates to their own thoughts and emotions
  • Learn to distinguish thoughts that are judgmental from those that simply describe or note one's experiences
  • Recognize that judgments often escalate mood disturbances, then mood disturbances can trigger maladaptive behaviors
  • Cultivate self-acceptance and acceptance of those things that cannot be changed
  • Expand awareness of personal emotional and behavioral choices

Logic Model

The program representative did not provide information about a Logic Model for Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C).

Essential Components

The essential components of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) include:

  • Unlike Cognitive Therapy, MBCT-C makes no attempt to change the content of negative thinking, instead encouraging children to change how they relate to their own thoughts, feelings, and body sensations. In this way, they have opportunities to discover that these are transient events in the mind and the body, with which they can choose to engage – or not to engage
  • Helps children realize that thoughts, feelings (emotions), and body sensations are "just" thoughts, feelings, and body sensations, rather than "truth" or "me" by having the therapist repeatedly notice and offer nonjudgmental observations, with interest and compassion
  • Helps children learn to see more clearly the patterns of the mind, and to recognize that falling into anxious overanalysis or depressive rumination is often fueled by strong emotions, which serves only to increase the child's emotional and behavioral problems
  • Helps break associations between anxious or depressed moods and negative thinking
  • Helps children develop the capacity to allow distressing thoughts, feelings, and body sensations to come and go, without feeling that they have to suppress them, run away from them, or do battle with them
  • Teaches skills to help children stay in touch with the present moment, without feeling driven to dwell on the past or worry about the future
  • 12-week group therapy that consists of weekly 90-minute sessions plus home practice activities; treatment manual also provides suggestions for ways to adapt MBCT-C to use in individual therapy
  • Recommended group size is 6 to 8 children
  • Activities designed to be engaging and developmentally appropriate for children ages 8 to 12; adaptable for use with both younger and older children and for youth with special needs
  • Parents/caregivers invited to attend two separate adult sessions that offer detailed information about the program, experiential practice with mindfulness activities, and encouraged to join the child in doing the weekly home-practice activities
  • Unlike most therapies, session summaries, handouts, and home practice activities provided for every session and used to encourage parents/caregivers to understand the program aims and interventions, as well as allowing them to participate in home-based mindfulness activities with the child
  • Developmentally appropriate, child-friendly mindfulness activities include mindfulness of the breath, body scan, and yoga-like movement activities; mindfulness of thoughts, emotions, and body sensations; and sensory-based activities (i.e., visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic sensations)

Program Delivery

Child/Adolescent Services

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) directly provides services to children/adolescents and addresses the following:

  • Anxiety, posttraumatic distress, and/or depression, along with the cognitive and behavioral problems that result from these distressing moods
Services Involve Family/Support Structures:

This program involves the family or other support systems in the individual's treatment: Parents/caregivers are invited (but not required) to attend two separate adult sessions that offer detailed information about the program, experiential practice with several mindfulness activities, and encouraged to join the child in doing the weekly home-practice activities.

Recommended Intensity:

One initial 30-minute interview with the parent or caregiver to evaluate the appropriateness of the program for their child, weekly 90-minute group therapy sessions with the children, plus two separate 2-hour parent/caregiver sessions; the treatment manual offers suggestions for adapting the program for use in individual psychotherapy

Recommended Duration:

12 weeks

Delivery Settings

This program is typically conducted in a(n):

  • Outpatient Clinic
  • Group or Residential Care
  • School Setting (Including: Day Care, Day Treatment Programs, etc.)

Homework

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) includes a homework component:

Home-practice activities are an integral part of MBCT-C and considered necessary to achieve the aims of the program. On an ongoing basis (beyond the 12 weeks of the program), a few minutes of daily practice with MBCT-C activities is strongly recommended. Parents/caregivers are encouraged to practice the home-based activities with the child. To facilitate this, written session summaries, handouts, and home-practice assignments are provided at every session.

Languages

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) has materials available in languages other than English:

French, German, Italian

For information on which materials are available in these languages, please check on the program's website or contact the program representative (contact information is listed at the bottom of this page).

Resources Needed to Run Program

The typical resources for implementing the program are:

Therapist trained to conduct MBCT-C, one group therapy room that accommodates up to 9-10 people (with sufficient floor space for one yoga mat per participant), carpeting -or- one yoga mat plus one chair or cushion per participant, miscellaneous (inexpensive) supplies suggested in the treatment manual and used during the sessions such as paper, drawing materials, common household objects (e.g., baggies, spices, and lotions), a few food items (e.g., one small box of raisins and one piece of fruit for each child)

Manuals and Training

Prerequisite/Minimum Provider Qualifications

Master's degree in psychology, social work, marriage and family counseling, or a related mental-health field; personal experience of mindfulness (i.e., a regular mindfulness practice) is strongly recommended; basic understanding of cognitive-behavioral principles is recommended, but not required.

Manual Information

There is a manual that describes how to deliver this program.

Program Manual(s)

Semple, R. J., & Lee, J. (2011). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for anxious children: A manual for treating childhood anxiety. New Harbinger Publications.

The book is available for purchase directly from the publisher and is available on Amazon, and from many other booksellers.

Training Information

There is training available for this program.

Training Contact:
Training Type/Location:

Group training workshops are offered at local, national, and international conferences. Information about upcoming lectures and workshops is available at https://www.sites.google.com/site/randyesemplephd

Individual training and consultation is available by arrangement. Email Dr. Semple at MBCTforChildren@gmail.com

Number of days/hours:

Half-day, full-day, and two-day training workshops are available.

Additional Resources:

There currently are additional qualified resources for training:

Jennifer Lee, PhD, Clinical Psychologist
Phone: (626) 219-0085
Email: jennifer@jleephd.com
Location: Southern California

Richard Sears, PsyD, Clinical Psychologist
Center for Clinical Mindfulness
Phone: (513) 899-6463
Email: richard@psych-insights.com
Web: http://psych-insights.com/
Location : Cincinnati, OH

Christina Luberto, PhD, Clinical Psychologist
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Phone: (617) 724-6300 ext. 111-134-1469
Email: cluberto@mgh.harvard.edu
Location: Boston, MA

M. Lee Freedman, MD, CM, FRCP(C), Psychiatrist
Email: mlfreedman@hotmail.com
Location: Toronto, Canada

Zlatina Kostova, PhD, Clinical Psychologist
Email: kostova.zlatina@gmail.com
Location: Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School

Christopher Willard, PsyD, Clinical Psychologist
Email: chris@drchristopherwillard.com
Location: Harvard Medical School and Private Clinical Practice

Laila A. Madni, PsyD, Clinical Psychologist
Email: Laila.Madni.PsyD@gmail.com
Phone: (619) 821-5499

Implementation Information

Pre-Implementation Materials

There are pre-implementation materials to measure organizational or provider readiness for Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) as listed below:

The MBCT-C treatment manual is required reading prior to implementation:

Semple, R. J., & Lee, J. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for anxious children: A manual for treating childhood anxiety. New Harbinger Publications.

Both the book and the e-book are available through New Harbinger Publications (http://www.newharbinger.com/mindfulness-based-cognitive-therapy-anxious-children) and many other booksellers.

Formal Support for Implementation

There is formal support available for implementation of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) as listed below:

The program representative listed at the bottom of the page and trainers listed in the training section above are available by request for teleconference or onsite support for clinical consultation and coaching. The program representative is available for consultation on research design and methodology, fidelity monitoring, leadership coaching, and program effectiveness evaluations. Fees for these optional services are determined between each trainer and organization.

Fidelity Measures

There are fidelity measures for Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) as listed below:

  • Two program-specific evaluation questionnaires (one for parents and one for child participants) are included as Appendix D in the MBCT-C treatment manual. These are used to assess acceptability and satisfaction with the program. These are client self-report questionnaires that require no training to administer or score. Both evaluation questionnaires are included with this application.
  • Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children Adherence Scale (MBCT-C-AS; Semple & Sears, 2014) is a 20-item measure of MBCT-C components that can be observer-rated or self-rated by the group therapist for each session. Response choices define evidence for the presence of each MBCT-C component on a three-point scale: "not at all", "slight/inconsistent" or "clear/consistent". The MBCT-C-AS has not yet been validated, although it was adapted from, and is very similar to, the adult MBCT Adherence Scale, which is a validated measure. This is a research measure of fidelity that requires understanding and experience with MBCT-C in order to complete the ratings. The MBCT-C-AS is included with this application.

All three of these measures are available free of charge by request. Email: MBCTforChildren@gmail.com

Implementation Guides or Manuals

There are implementation guides or manuals for Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) as listed below:

The thorough, session-by-session, treatment manual provides information on the theory, background, and development of MBCT-C, and about childhood anxiety.

Logistical considerations for organizations who wish to implement the intervention include suggested therapist education and experience; therapist attitudes (e.g., openness, acceptance, nonjudgment); the importance of having a personal mindfulness practice; clinical supervision, screening for appropriate children; group composition; adapting interventions to the needs of each group; necessary resources; and parent involvement.

The book is available through New Harbinger Publications (http://www.newharbinger.com/mindfulness-based-cognitive-therapy-anxious-children) and many other booksellers. An e-book version is also available from the publisher's website at http://nhpubs.com/7208

Implementation Cost

There are no studies of the costs of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C).

Research on How to Implement the Program

Research has been conducted on how to implement Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) as listed below:

  • Semple, R. J., Reid, E. F., & Miller, L. (2005). Treating anxiety with mindfulness: An open trial of mindfulness training for anxious children. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.2005.19.4.379
  • Lee, J., Semple, R. J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. (2008). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Results of a pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.15
  • Semple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010). A randomized trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y
  • Dehghani, F., Amiri, S., Molavi, H., & Neshat-Doost, H. T. (2014). Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on female elementary students with generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research, 3(3), 159-165.
  • Cotton, S., Luberto, C. M., Sears, R. W., Strawn, J. R., Stahl, L., Wasson, R. S., Blom, M. P., & Delbello, M. P. (2016). Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy for youth with anxiety disorders at risk for bipolar disorder: A pilot trial. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10(5), 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12216
  • Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Dehghani, Z., & Lee, J. (2017). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy enhances emotional resiliency in children with divorced parents. Mindfulness, 9, 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0840-9

Relevant Published, Peer-Reviewed Research

Child Welfare Outcome: Child/Family Well-Being

Lee, J., Semple, R. J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. (2008). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Results of a pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 22(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.15

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 25

Population:

  • Age — 9–13 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 15 Latino, 7 African American, and 3 Caucasian
  • Gender — 17 Female and 8 Male
  • Status — Participants were children enrolled in a remedial reading program in a community-based clinic.

Location/Institution: Harlem and Washington Heights, New York

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and helpfulness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) for the treatment of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a sample of non-referred children. Participants were first matched by age and gender, then randomly assigned to one of two MBCT-C groups, the first beginning immediately and the second group beginning 4 months later. Measures utilized include the Child Behavior Checklist: Parent Report Form (CBCL), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), the Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Results indicate that MBCT-C is helpful in reducing internalizing and externalizing symptoms within subjects on the parent-reported CBCL. For the child-report measures, there were no significant changes in anxiety as measured by the MASC and STAIC, nor was there a significant change in depressive symptoms as measured by the RCDS, for either the Intent-to-Treat participants or the Completers. The high attendance rate, high retention rate, and positive ratings on program evaluations supported treatment feasibility and acceptability. Limitations include the use of clinical assessment measures on a sample of children who did not meet diagnostic criteria for any internalizing or externalizing disorder, the small sample size, the absence of an active intervention comparison group, and the lack of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Semple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010). A randomized trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 218–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9301-y

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 25

Population:

  • Age — 9–13 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — 17 Latino, 6 African American, and 2 Caucasian
  • Gender — 15 Female and 10 Male
  • Status — Participants were children with anxiety or stress.

Location/Institution: Not Specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) in reducing (a) attention problems, (b) anxiety symptoms, and (c) behavior problems in children. Participants were first matched by age and gender, and then randomly assigned to one of four independent groups: MBCT-C (Groups A and B) and the waitlisted control participants (Groups C and D). Measures utilized include the Child Behavior Checklist: Parent Report Form (CBCL), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Results indicate that participants who completed MBCT-C showed fewer attention problems than wait-listed controls and those improvements were maintained at three months following the intervention. A strong relationship was found between attention problems and behavior problems. Reductions in attention problems accounted for almost half of the variance of changes in behavior problems, although attention changes proved to be a nonsignificant mediator of behavior problems. Significant reductions in anxiety symptoms and behavior problems were found for those children who reported clinically elevated levels of anxiety at pretest. Limitations include the small sample size, the potential for one or two members of a group to influence treatment effects for other members, and the lack of a control group at the follow-up time point.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Dehghani, F., Amiri, S., Molavi, H., & Neshat-Doost, H. T. (2014). Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on female elementary students with generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research, 3(3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9538-z

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 14

Population:

  • Age — 9 years
  • Race/Ethnicity — Not specified
  • Gender — 100% Female
  • Status — Participants were children with generalized anxiety disorder.

Location/Institution: University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) in reducing generalized anxiety in female elementary students. Participants were randomly assigned to MBCT-C or a control group. Measures utilized include the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children (PSWQ-C) and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Results indicate that significant differences were observed between female elementary students of MBCT-C and control groups at posttest phase in terms of worry and anxiety, showing that MBCT-C reduces anxiety and worry. Limitations include lack of generalizability due to gender of participants, only examining the effectiveness on generalized anxiety disorder, and small sample size.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2 months.

Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Dehghani, Z., & Lee, J. (2018). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy enhances emotional resiliency in children with divorced parents. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0840-9

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 83 parent-child dyads

Population:

  • Age — Children: 10–13 years (Mean=12.12 years); Parents: Not specified
  • Race/Ethnicity — Children: 100% Persian; Parents: 100% Persian
  • Gender — Children: 50 Female and 33 Male; Parents: Not specified
  • Status — Participants were divorced parents and their children.

Location/Institution: Teheran, Iran

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine whether children of divorce who participated in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) would show greater reductions in depression, anxiety, and anger symptoms and would demonstrate enhanced emotional resiliency. Participants were randomized to either a MBCT-C or to no-treatment control group. Measures utilized include the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Results indicate that at the end of intervention, MBCT-C participants showed significantly fewer symptoms of depression, trait anxiety, state anxiety, trait anger, and state anger in comparison with the control group. The MBCT-C group also demonstrated an increase in emotional resiliency and significant enhancements in acceptance and mindfulness. Limitations include that the cultural stigma of divorce may have precluded individuals from participating in this study, the small sample size, and the short length of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 2 months.

Wright, K. M., Roberts, R., & Proeve, M. J. (2019). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) for prevention of internalizing difficulties: A small randomized controlled trial with Australian primary school children. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2277–2293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01193-9

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 89

Population:

  • Age — 8–13 years (Mean=12.12 years)
  • Race/Ethnicity — Not specified
  • Gender — 50% Male and 50% Female
  • Status — Participants were children from three primary schools, their parents/guardians, and teachers.

Location/Institution: South Australia

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to compare Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) to the FRIENDS for Life program, a cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for children experiencing internalizing difficulties. Participants were randomized to either MBCT-C or to CBT. Measures utilized include the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-12), the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ), and Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Results indicate that only limited differences were found between programs. Both programs had small effects on symptoms of anxiety and depression, quality of life, attention control, and parent- and teacher-SDQ Total Difficulties, as well as moderate-large effects on shifting attention. There were no statistically significant changes in mindfulness or sustained attention. Limitations include small sample size, reliance on self-reported measures, and lack of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Cotton, S., Kraemer, K. M., Sears, R. W., Strawn, J. R., Wasson, R. S., McCune, N., Welge, J., Blom, T. J., Durling, M., & Delbello, M. P. (2020). Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy for Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders at–risk for bipolar disorder: A psychoeducation waitlist controlled pilot trial. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(2), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12848

Type of Study: Pretest–posttest study with a nonequivalent control group (Quasi-experimental)
Number of Participants: 43

Population:

  • Age — 8–13 years (Mean=13.6 years)
  • Race/Ethnicity — 82% White
  • Gender — 72% Female and 28% Male
  • Status — Participants were youth with anxiety disorders who had at least one parent with bipolar disorder.

Location/Institution: South Australia

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The aim of the present study was to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children (MBCT-C) is feasible and may improve anxiety and emotion regulation in youth with anxiety disorders at-risk for bipolar disorder. Participants were randomized to either MBCT-C or a waitlist control. Measures utilized include the Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U KSADS), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Present/Lifetime (SCIDP/L), the State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI), the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM), and the Paediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS). Results indicated there were significantly greater improvements in overall clinical severity in the MBCT-C period compared to the waitlist period, but not in clinician- and child rated anxiety, emotion regulation, or mindfulness. However, increases in mindfulness were associated with improvements in anxiety and emotion regulation in the MBCT-C period, but not the waitlist period. Limitations include nonrandomization of participants, small sample size, reliance on self-reported measures, and lack of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Additional References

Semple, R. J., & Burke, C. A. (2011). Treating children and adolescents with mindfulness. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (4th ed., pp. 411-426). Guilford Press. 

Semple, R. J., & Lee, J. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications (2nd ed., pp. 159-188). Elsevier. 

Semple, R. J., & Madni, L. A. (2014). Treating childhood trauma with mindfulness. In V. M. Follette, J. Briere, D. Rozelle, J. W. Hopper, & D. I. Rome (Eds.), Mindfulness-oriented interventions for trauma: Integrating contemplative practices (pp. 284-300). Guilford. 

Contact Information

Randye J. Semple, PhD
Title: Associate Professor
Agency/Affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
Department: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Website: www.sites.google.com/site/randyesemplephd
Email:
Phone: (323) 442-4000
Fax: (323) 442-4003

Date Research Evidence Last Reviewed by CEBC: September 2023

Date Program Content Last Reviewed by Program Staff: April 2020

Date Program Originally Loaded onto CEBC: April 2017