kContact
About This Program
Target Population: Parents of children and young people in long-term out-of-home care who have supervised contact with them
For parents/caregivers of children ages: 0 – 17
Program Overview
The kContact intervention consists of structured support provided to parents both prior to and following supervised contact visits with their child(ren) in long-term out-of-home care. The kContact program is delivered by a practitioner who has an existing relationship with the parent or who is best placed to develop this relationship and support or deliver the program. Although the program is structured there is flexibility to vary it depending on the frequency of contact and the parent and child's needs.
Program Goals
The goals of kContact are:
- Create an environment during the visit that will increase children's emotional safety and reduce their distress related to contact
- Improve relationships with their children
- Improve the ability to support children in the context of contact visits
- Reduce the number of contact visits cancelled
Logic Model
The program representative did not provide information about a Logic Model for kContact.
Essential Components
The essential components of kContact include:
- kContact is delivered to a parent by a practitioner who has an existing relationship with the parent or who is best placed to develop this relationship and support or deliver the program. It can be delivered face-to-face or by phone.
- The kContact intervention stages (designed to be of no more than 15 minutes in duration each) are as follows:
- The planning component consists of: providing an overview of the intervention, discussing the parent's expectations (including broader goals they hope will come from these visits) and concerns, confirming the parent's attendance at the visit, and assessing and discussing with the parent what needs their child(ren) have that should be met during the visit, based on parents' knowledge and experience of their children developmentally.
- The preparation or previsit planning component (which happens each time a contact visit is scheduled) involves helping the parents identify the goals and aims they would like to achieve during visits with their children and jointly plan activities for the contact visit to reflect these goals, as well as communicate relevant information (such as the child's recent or upcoming achievements, special events, or activities) to parents before the visit.
- The follow-up visit component (which happens after each contact visit) involves encouraging parents to reflect on what worked well, with an emphasis on the strengths they could build on, validating parents' feelings about the visit, including feelings of grief, distress, or anger, and discussing aspects of visits that could be managed differently at subsequent visits.
- Lastly, the review component (which happens quarterly if contact visits are weekly or monthly, or after a minimum of 2-3 contact visits if visits are less frequent) involves a review of the broader goals of visits and the progress towards those goals from the point of view of children, parents, carers (i.e. resource parents), and relevant professionals. The practitioner can collect the perspectives of these different stakeholders separately or together during a case review meeting.
Program Delivery
Parent/Caregiver Services
kContact directly provides services to parents/caregivers and addresses the following:
- Problematic parent interactions and behavior in relation to parent-child supervised contact for children in out-of-home care
Recommended Intensity:
15-minute once-only session with the parent to plan; then 30 minutes around each supervised contact visit (15 minutes before and 15 minutes after each visit); further review sessions (15 minutes) once every 3-4 months
Recommended Duration:
For as long as the supervised visits occur
Delivery Setting
This program is typically conducted in a(n):
- Community-based Agency / Organization / Provider
Homework
This program does not include a homework component.
Resources Needed to Run Program
The typical resources for implementing the program are:
Phone required to call parents. Room may be required to meet with parents. Existing case file management systems should be used by practitioners to track and record their discussions with parents.
Manuals and Training
Prerequisite/Minimum Provider Qualifications
There are no minimum educational qualifications to provide the kContact program.
Manual Information
There is a manual that describes how to deliver this program.
Program Manual(s)
Manual information:
- Noble-Carr, D., & Suomi, A. (2017). kContact practice manual (2nd Ed.). Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University. ISBN 1-921239-26-3.
The manuals can be accessed through the program contact.
Training Information
There is training available for this program.
Training Contact:
- Stephanie Taplin, Adjunct Associate Professor
University of Technology Sydney
dept.: School of Public Health
Stephanie.taplin@uts.edu.au
Training Type/Location:
Onsite training (based in Australia) or online
Number of days/hours:
Approximately a half-day of training
Implementation Information
Pre-Implementation Materials
There are no pre-implementation materials to measure organizational or provider readiness for kContact.
Formal Support for Implementation
There is no formal support available for implementation of kContact.
Fidelity Measures
There are fidelity measures for kContact as listed below:
Self-report checklists are incorporated into the manual.
Fidelity Measure Requirements:
Fidelity measures are required to be used as part of program implementation.
Implementation Guides or Manuals
There are no implementation guides or manuals for kContact.
Implementation Cost
There are no studies of the costs of kContact.
Research on How to Implement the Program
Research has not been conducted on how to implement kContact.
Relevant Published, Peer-Reviewed Research
Suomi, A., Lucas, N., McArthur, M., Humphreys, C., Dobbins, T., & Taplin, S. (2020). Cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) to support parental contact for children in out-of-home care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, Article 104708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104708
Type of Study:
Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants:
183
Population:
- Age — Children: 0–14 years, Mean=7.5–8.2 years; Parents: Mean=34.7–35.1 years; Carers: Mean=49.6–50.5 years; Caseworkers: 33.7–35.1 years
- Race/Ethnicity — Children: 17–19% Indigenous; Parents: 7–10% Indigenous; Carers: 2–3% Indigenous; Caseworkers: 1–8% Indigenous
- Gender — Children: 46–47% Female; Parents: 68–87% Female; Carers: 92–93% Female; Caseworkers: 80–92% Female
- Status — Participants were children in long-term out-of-home care (OOHC) and their parents.
Location/Institution: Out-of-home-care agencies across three Australian jurisdictions
Summary:
(To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to test the effectiveness of the kContact intervention for parents having supervised contact with children in long-term out-of-home-care (OOHC). Participants were randomized to the intervention (8 clusters, 100 children) or control groups (7 clusters, 83 children). Measures utilized include the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Receptivity to Birth Family Connections Scale (RBFCS), the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAP), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) short form. Results indicate that compared with controls, fewer visits were cancelled by parents in the kContact group at end of intervention follow-up. Results also show higher caseworker receptivity to contact, and higher parent satisfaction with contact in the kContact group at follow-up. Limitations include lack of generalizability to all families with children in OOHC, lower indigenous representation compared to the population as a whole, and cluster randomizing with a small sample size.
Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.
Additional References
Bullen, T., Taplin, S., McArthur, M., Humphreys, C., & Kertesz, M. (2017). Interventions to improve supervised contact visits between children in out of home care and their parents: A systematic review. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 822–833. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12301
Taplin, S., Bullen, T., McArthur, M., Humphreys, C. Kertesz, M, & Dobbins. T. (2015). kContact, an enhanced intervention for contact between children in out-of-home care and their parents: Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 15, Article 1134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2461-3
Taplin, S., Lucas, N., Suomi, A., Humphreys, C., Kertesz, M., & McArthur, M. (2021). Parents' supervised contact visits with their children in care: Factors associated with cancellations. Children & Youth Services Review, 127, Article 106127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106127
Contact Information
- Stephanie Taplin
- Title: Adjunct Associate Professor
- Agency/Affiliation: University of Technology Sydney.
- Department: School of Public Health
- Email: Stephanie.taplin@uts.edu.au
Date Research Evidence Last Reviewed by CEBC: August 2023
Date Program Content Last Reviewed by Program Staff: July 2021
Date Program Originally Loaded onto CEBC: June 2018