Greene, R. W., Ablon, J. S., Goring, J. C., Raezer-Blakely, L., Markey, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Henin, A., Edwards, G., & Rabbitt, S. (2004). Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving in affectively dysregulated youth with oppositional defiant disorder: Initial findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1157–1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1157

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 47

Population:

• Age — 4–12 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Not specified
• Gender — 32 Male and 15 Female
• Status — Participants were parents and their children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Location/Institution: Massachusetts

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of Collaborative Problem Solving [now called Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS)] in affectively dysregulated children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Participants were randomized to the parent training version of CPS or parent training (PT). Measures utilized include the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic version (K-SADS-E), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS), and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I). Results indicate that CPS produced significant improvements across multiple domains of functioning at posttreatment and at 4-month follow-up. Limitations include small sample size and length of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 4 months.

Ollendick, T. H., Greene, R. W., Austin, K. E., Fraire, M. G., Halldorsdottir, T., Allen, K. B., Jarrett, M. A., Lewis, K. M., Whitmore Smith, M., Cunningham, N. R., Noguchi, R. J., Canavera, K., & Wolff, J. C. (2015). Parent Management Training and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions: A randomized control trial for oppositional youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(5), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1004681

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 134

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 84% White
• Gender — 62% Male and 38% Female
• Status — Participants were families with adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Location/Institution: Rural Southwest Virginia

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS) in treating oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in youth. Participants were randomized to CPS, Parent Management Training (PMT), or a 6-week waitlist control (WLC) group. Following the waiting period, those youth and families in the WLC group who continued to meet criteria for ODD and still desired treatment were randomly reassigned to one of the two treatment groups. Measures utilized include the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Edition, the Expressive Vocabulary Test, 2nd Edition, the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-C/P), the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS), the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC), the Parent Consumer Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I). Results indicate that both treatment conditions were superior to the WLC condition but did not differ from one another in either responder or remitter analyses. Approximately 50% of youth in both active treatments were diagnosis free and were judged to be much or very much improved at posttreatment, compared to 0% in the waitlist condition. Younger age and presence of an anxiety disorder predicted better treatment outcomes for both PMT and CPS. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. Limitations include high attrition rate, lack of generalizability due to sample of largely middle-class Caucasian families, and decision was made to drop the WLC condition because none of the 11 families improved during the wait period.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 6 months.

Booker, J. A., Ollendick, T. H., Dunsmore, J. C., & Greene, R. W. (2016). Perceived parent–child relations, conduct problems, and clinical improvement following the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1623–1633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0323-3

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 123

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years (Mean=9.56 years)
• Race/Ethnicity — Not specified
• Gender — 76 Male and 47 Female
• Status — Participants were children who met full diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Location/Institution: Not specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used a subsample of Ollendick et al. (2015). The purpose of the study was to examine the moderating influence of parent-child relationship quality (as viewed by the child) on associations between conduct problems and treatment responses for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Participants were randomized to one of two psychosocial treatments: Parent Management Training or Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS). Measures utilized include the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2nd Edition (BASC-2), the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS), the child version of the BASC, and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-C/P). Results indicate that elevated reports of children’s conduct problems were associated with attenuated reductions in both ODD symptoms and their severity. Perceived relationship quality with parents moderated the ties between conduct problems and outcomes in ODD severity but not the number of symptoms. Mother reports of elevated conduct problems predicted attenuated treatment response only when children viewed relationship quality with their parents as poorer. When children viewed the relationship as higher quality, they did not show an attenuated treatment response, regardless of reported conduct problems. Limitations include the correlational nature of the study precludes making causal inferences; the extent of family dropout during treatment or before the posttreatment assessment; considering only the perspective of the child concerning the quality of the parent-child relationship is limiting; a largely middle-class, Caucasian sample of children; and the lack of long-term follow-up on intervention effects.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Miller-Slough, R. L., Dunsmore, J. C., Ollendick, T. H., & Greene, R. W. (2016). Parent–child synchrony in children with oppositional defiant disorder: Associations with treatment outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(6), 1880–1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0356-7

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 75

Population:

• Age — 7–12 years (Mean=9.66 years)
• Race/Ethnicity — Families: 80% Caucasian, 9% African American, 5% Hispanic, 3% Asian, and 3% Other
• Gender — 46 Male
• Status — Participants were children who received treatment for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and their parents.

Location/Institution: Not specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used a subsample of Ollendick et al. (2015). The purpose of the study was to examine parent–child synchrony, the inverse of parent–child incompatibility as a predictor of children’s emotional lability, aggression, and overall functioning following psychosocial treatment. Participants received one of two empirically supported treatments for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), Parent Management Training or Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS). Measures utilized include the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, Fourth Edition (ADIS-IV), the Emotion Talk Task, and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2). Results indicate that pretreatment parent–child synchrony was associated with decreased emotional lability and aggression following both treatments, as well as improvement in overall functioning, irrespective of treatment condition. Limitations include lack of follow-up, an abundance of missing data, a mostly Caucasian sample, and did not measure the effects of treatment in school settings.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.

Booker, J. A., Ollendick, T. H., Dunsmore, J. C., Capriola, N., & Greene, R. W. (2018). Change in maternal stress for families in treatment for their children with oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2552–2561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1089-1

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 134

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 84% White
• Gender — 38% Female
• Status — Participants were children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and their parents.

Location/Institution: Not specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Ollendick et al. (2015). The purpose of the study was to predict change in maternal stress over the course of a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of two interventions for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): Parent Management Training and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS). Participants were randomized to CPS, Parent Management Training (PMT), or a 6-week waitlist control (WLC) group. Measures utilized include the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-IV-C/P), the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2), and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). Results indicate that hypothesized indirect effects were supported such that children’s reports of positive views toward parents uniquely predicted reductions in ODD severity over time, which in turn uniquely predicted reductions in maternal stress. Limitations include limited diversity in family ethnicity and socioeconomic status, considerable family drop-out at follow up periods, and reports of parenting stress were limited to mothers and restricted to self-reports.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 1 week and 6 months.

Ollendick, T. H., Booker, J. A., Ryan, S., & Greene, R. W. (2018). Testing multiple conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder in youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(4), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1286594

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 134

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 84% White
• Gender — 38% Female
• Status — Participants were clinic-referred youth who met DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Location/Institution: Not specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Ollendick et al. (2015). The purpose of the study was to examine multiple conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD); whether children showed improvements across these ODD dimensions; and whether main and joint effects of ODD dimension improvement predicted clinical outcome. Participants were randomized to receive one of two psychosocial treatments, Parent Management Training or Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS). Measures utilized include the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions—(ADIS-C/P), the Clinical Global Impression – Severity and Improvement — (CGI-S and CGI-I), and the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2—(BASC-2). Results indicate that one- and two-factor conceptualizations were supported, however, the two-factor solution was preferred. With this solution, each dimension significantly and similarly improved across treatment conditions. Improvements across affective and behavioral ODD factors also had significant effects on clinician- and mother-reported clinical outcomes. Limitations include high attrition rate and lack of generalizability due to sample of largely Caucasian families.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 6 months.

Booker J. A., Capriola-Hall N. N., Greene, R. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020). The parent–child relationship and posttreatment child outcomes across two treatments for oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(3), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1555761

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 134

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years
• Race/Ethnicity — 84% White
• Gender — 38% Female
• Status — Participants were children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and their parents.

Location/Institution: Not specified

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Ollendick et al. (2015). The purpose of the study was to examine the degree to which the parent–child relationship uniquely predicted clinical outcomes in externalizing problems and adaptive skills. Participants were randomized to either 1 of 2 treatments: Parent Management Training (PMT) and Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS). Measures utilized include the Tangram Puzzle Task and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire at baseline and the Behavior Assessment System For Children, Second Edition (BASC‐2) at baseline, posttreatment, and six months following treatment. Results indicate that four principal components were supported (parental warmth, parental monitoring, family hostility, and family permissiveness). Parental monitoring predicted fewer externalizing problems, whereas family permissiveness predicted more externalizing problems. Parental warmth predicted greatest improvements in children’s adaptive skills among families receiving PMT. Family hostility predicted more externalizing problems and poorer adaptive skills for children, however, families receiving CPS were buffered from the negative effect of family hostility on adaptive skills. Limitations include a reliance on data imputation due to attrition, demographic homogeneity of the sample, as well as using PMT with a sample that extends into early adolescence (13–14 years) may have been problematic.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 6 months.

Murrihy, R. C., Drysdale, S. A. O., Dedousis-Wallace, A., Remond, L., McAloon, J., Ellis, D. M., Halldorsdottir, T., Greene, R. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2023). Community-delivered Collaborative and Proactive Solutions and Parent Management Training for oppositional youth: A randomized trial. Behavior Therapy, 54(2), 400–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.10.005

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 160

Population:

• Age — Youth: 7–14 years; Adults: Not specified
• Race/Ethnicity — Youth: Not specified White; Adults (mother only): 91 Australian, 29 European (Western, Northern, Southern), 10 Asian, 7 African, 7 European (Eastern), 5 Central/South American, 3 NZ/Maori/Pacific Island, and 1 North American
• Gender — Youth: 115 Male, 45 Female; Adults: Not specified
• Status — Participants were youth with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and their parents.

Location/Institution: North Sydney, Australia

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to examine the relative effectiveness of Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS) and Parent Management Training (PMT) for youth with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a community setting. Participants were randomized to CPS or PMT for up to 16 weekly sessions. Measures utilized include the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-IV-C/P), the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS), and the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Results indicate that both treatments demonstrated similar outcomes, with 45–50% of youth in the nonclinical range after treatment, and 67% considered much improved. No differences were found between groups, and group equivalency was shown on the independent clinician and parent rated measures. Gains were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Limitations include the omission of a treatment as usual (TAU) group; exclusion of youth with CD, ASD, developmental delay, high suicidality and substance abuse; and an unequal ratio of experienced clinical psychologists across treatment conditions.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 6 months.

Dedousis-Wallace, A., Drysdale, S. A. O., McAloon, J., Murrihy, R. C., Greene, R. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2022). Predictors and moderators of two treatments of oppositional defiant disorder in children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2127102

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 145

Population:

• Age — 7–14 years (Mean=8.88 years)
• Race/Ethnicity — 56% Australian, 21% European, 6% Asian, 5% African, 4% Central American, 2% New Zealand ,1% North American
• Gender — 103 Male
• Status — Participants were youth with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and their parents.

Location/Institution: North Sydney, Australia

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The study used the same sample as Murrihy et al. (2023). The purpose of the study was to examine predictors and moderators of behavioral improvement in children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) following treatment with Parent Management Training (PMT) and Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS). Participants were randomized to CPS or PMT. Measures utilized include the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-IV-C/P), the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS), the Inconsistent Discipline subscale from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire – Short Form (APQ-SF), and the Child Responsible Attributions (CRA) 10-item subscale from the Parent Cognition Scale (PCS). Results indicate that higher pre-treatment levels of conduct problems, lagging skills, and inconsistent discipline predicted poorer behavioral outcomes following both treatments. The only characteristic that moderated treatment outcome was child-responsible attributions – mothers who were more likely to attribute their child’s problematic behaviors to factors in the child had significantly poorer outcomes in PMT than CPS at 6-month follow-up. Limitations include demographic homogeneity of the sample, study could be further strengthened by including a multi-informant method of measuring changes in child conduct problems, and the drop-out rates at post-assessment (19%) and at 6-month follow-up (30%).

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: 6 months.

Mulraney, M., Sciberras, E., Payne, J. M., De Luca, C., Mills, J., Tennant, M., & Coghill, D. (2022). Collaborative and Proactive Solutions compared with usual care to treat irritability in children and adolescents: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychologist, 26(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2022.2041983

Type of Study: Randomized controlled trial
Number of Participants: 12

Population:

• Age — Youth: 9–14 years (Mean=8.88 years); Adults: Mean=42.9–44.2 years
• Race/Ethnicity — Not specified
• Gender — Youth: 42 Male; Adults: Not specified
• Status — Participants were youth with exhibited severe and impairing irritability and their parents.

Location/Institution: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) at The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne

Summary: (To include basic study design, measures, results, and notable limitations)
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a psychological intervention to manage severe irritability in children and adolescents. Participants were randomized to Collaborative and Proactive Solutions (CPS) or treatment as usual. Measures utilized include the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), the Clinical Global Impression – Severity, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales, the Affective Reactivity Index, the Child Health Utility-9D (CHU-9D), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning, the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire, the Spence Child Anxiety Scale, the Swan, Nolan and Pelham Parent Rating Scale IV, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, and the Kessler 6 (K6). Results indicate that compared to usual care, the CPS group had improvements in child irritability, quality of life, executive functioning, and family functioning. Limitations include small sample size and lack of follow-up.

Length of controlled postintervention follow-up: None.